Another common treatment is salicylic acid, which doesn't kill the bacteria, but stops them from replicating.

另一种常用的药物是水杨，它不会杀灭细菌，但是能阻止细菌繁殖。

Salicylic acid might sound familiar if you've used topical acne treatments, but it wasn't quite modern-day aspirin yet.

如果你使用过局部痤疮治疗方法的话，水杨听起来可能很熟悉，但它还不是现代阿司匹。

Chemicals like salicylic acid, for instance, might also activate genes that cause cells to make more collagen, or boost certain repair pathways.

像是水杨一类的化学品，可能也能刺激造细胞的基因产生更多胶原，或者是促进某些动的进行。

Meadowsweet and the willow tree are containing a substance called salicylic acid, it's nature's version of aspirin.

绣线菊和柳树含有一种叫做水杨的物质，它是天然版的阿司匹。

In 1838, an Italian scientist named Raffaele Piria synthesized a stronger form of the active ingredient in willow bark for the first time: salicylic acid.

1838 年，一位名叫拉菲勒·皮里亚的意大利科学家首次在柳树皮中合成了一种更强的性成分：水杨。

About 2,500 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from a tree bark containing salicylic acid for the same effect.

大约2500年前，希腊医师希波克拉底，也就是医药之父，用一种含有水杨的树的树皮做成一种汁液以起到相同的效果。

Aspirin, for example, was derived in the 19th century from salicylic acid, a long-time remedy for pains and fever found in plants like willow and meadowsweet.

比如，阿司匹是19世纪从水杨提取出来的，长期以来这种药物被用来治愈疼痛和发烧，是在像柳树和绣线菊属植物这样的植物中提取出来的。

If you can clearly recognize your condition as acne (whiteheads, blackheads, or pustules), you can treat those areas with a benzoyl peroxide spot treatment or salicylic acid.

如果你能清楚地识别出你的情况是痤疮（白头粉刺、黑头粉刺或脓疱）， 你可以用过氧化苯甲酰斑点治疗剂或水杨治疗这些区域。

By 1876, a Scottish doctor had published a positive review of salicylic acid's effects on rheumatism in The Lancet, in a paper titled " Rheumatic Fever Treated by Salicylic Acid" .

到 1876 年，一位苏格兰医生在《柳叶刀》上发表了一篇题为“水杨治疗风湿热”的论文，对水杨治疗风湿病的作用进行了积极评价。

And around the end of the nineteenth century, a couple of scientists at the Bayer group came up with a protocol to modify salicylic acid and make it less toxic.

大约在 19 世纪末，拜耳集团的几个科学家想出了一个改造水杨的方案，使其毒性更低。

Maybe a little bit ironic, considering the medicine usually reduced inflammation, but it turns out the stomach lining doesn't really like being eroded, and that's what the salicylic acid was doing.

也许有点讽刺，考虑到这种药通常会减轻炎症，但事实证明胃内膜并不喜欢被侵蚀，这就是水杨的作用。

Then there are chemical peels, which use compounds like salicylic acid or retinoic acid to perform what's basically a controlled injury to the top layer of skin, killing the top layer of cells.

此外还有化学换肤，用水杨或维生素A之类的化合物，有控制性地损伤表层皮肤 ，杀死表层皮肤细胞。

The reaction used by the chemists at Bayer didn't have those problems, and they ended up with a drug that reduced a lot of that gastrointestinal irritation, at least compared to regular salicylic acid.

拜耳化学家使用的反应没有这些问题，他们最终得到了一种药物，至少与普通水杨相比，这种药物减少了很多胃肠道刺激。

Many drugs exist, like benzoyl peroxide, which kills specific acne-causing bacteria, salicylic acid, which helps to remove dead skin blockages, retinoids, which reduce sebum production, and a variety of others —though some drugs can have severe side effects.

目前有许多药物，像是过氧化苯甲酰，那能消灭特定的致痘细菌，水杨，有助去除死皮造成的阻塞，维他命 A ，那能减少皮脂生成，还有其它许多药物－－不过有些药物可能会造成严重副作用。

People weren't actually being poisoned, but it's not hard to see why it looked like they were: salicylic acid worked for fever, pain, and inflammation, but it also often caused gastritis, where the stomach lining becomes inflamed.

人们实际上并没有被毒死，但不难看出为什么他们看起来像是被毒死了：水杨对发烧、疼痛和炎症有效，但它也经常导致胃炎，胃壁发炎。

It replaced one of salicylic acid's hydroxyl group — that's an oxygen and hydrogen bonded to a carbon — with an acetyl group, which is two carbons, one double-bonded to an oxygen and the other bonded to three hydrogens.

它用乙酰基取代了水杨的一个羟基——氧和氢与碳结合——乙酰基是两个碳，一个与氧双键结合，另一个与三个氢结合。